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How to use HARDLY, SCARCELY & BARELY


source: Your English Web      2017年11月12日
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Editor: Peng, Wei-Jie

Started: 10/20/2013

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Contents of the Grammar site

(https://sites.google.com/site/phf5364/)


I. Nouns

A. types

1. introduction (general / mixed)

2. common nouns and proper nouns

3. collective nouns, abstract nouns, and concrete nouns

4. compound nouns

5. countable and uncountable nouns

6. gender specific nouns

7. verbal nouns/gerunds

B. forms and spelling (with quantity expression)

1. singular and plural forms of nouns (regular and irregular)

2. expression of quantity (with articles and other quantifiers)

a. articles: a, an, the

b. other quantifiers

C. syntactic functions

1. as noun (being a subject or an object)

2. as adjective

a. (general / mixed)

b. the first nouns in compound nouns

c. complements

d. possessive nouns + 's / '

D. noun clauses


II. Pronouns

A. introduction

B. personal pronouns

1. subject pronouns and object pronouns

2. possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns

3. reflexive pronouns

C. reflexive pronouns

D. demonstrative pronouns

E. indefinite pronouns

1. (general / mixed)

2. every-, every-, some-, any-, no one, and none

3. another, other(s), and the other(s)

4. both, all, either, neither

5. many, few, much, and little

F. interrogative pronouns

G. relative pronouns

H. reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another

I. (supplementary)

1. (relevant) between & among

2. how to use "it" correctly


III. Articles

A. indefinite articles: a / an

B. definite articles: the


IV. Adjectives

A. basic form, function, and usage

1.introduction (general/mixed)

2. compound adjectives

3. V-ing & V-ed as adjectives

4. order of adjectives

B. comparisons

1. comparative and superlative forms

2. (not) as + adj./adv. + as

3. modifying comparatives

4. double comparative

5. using the same as, similar to, different from, like, and alike

C. adjective clauses


V. Verbs

A. introduction to the types and forms of verbs

B. three major types

1. action verbs (transitive and intransitive)

a. transitive and intransitive verbs

b. transitive verbs + direct and indirect objects

2. non-action/stative verbs and linking verbs

a. stative verbs

b. progressive or not?--see, look, watch, hear, listen, think, etc.

c. linking verbs

3. helping/auxiliary verbs

a. (general)

b. for emphasis

C. six major forms

D. other verb types and related aspects

1. causative verbs: have, get, make, let, help

2. imperatives

3. passive voice

a. general overview: active and passive voices

b. transitive passive

c. stative passive (using past participles as adjectives)

d. causative passive: to get/have something done

e. passive gerunds and passive infinitives

f. passive with modals

4. modal auxiliaries (modals)

a. introduction (general / mixed)

b. expressing ability

c. asking for permission

d. making requests

e. expressing possibility and degrees of certainty

f. making suggestions and giving advice

g. expressing preference

h. expressing obligation and necessity

i. expressing prohibition and lack of necessity

j. making logical speculation

k. modal + have + pp

5. gerunds and infinitives

a. introduction: gerunds (V+ing) and infinitives (to + V)

b. go + gerunds vs. go + infinitives

c. verbs + infinitives

d. verbs + gerunds

e. verbs that can be followed by both gerunds and infinitives

f. passive gerunds and infinitives

g. using adjectives with infinitives

1) It's + adjective + infinitive

2) too + adj. + infinitive vs. adj. + enough + infinitive

h. gerunds as nouns

1) possessive gerunds

2) preposition + gerunds

3) gerunds as subjects

i. infinitives as subjects

6. phrasal verbs: separable and inseparable

E. tenses

1. verb tenses (overview)

2. simple present & present progressive/continuous

a. simple present: basic rules and forms

1) affirmative, negative, questioning and answering forms

2) spelling for 3rd person singular verbs (regular & irregular)

3) "be" verbs

4) there + "be"

b. present simple vs. present progressive

c. (supplementary:) present participle vs. past participle

3. simple past & past progressive

a. simple past: basic rules and forms

1) affirmative, negative, questioning, and answering forms

2) spelling and pronunciation for regular verbs

3) irregular verbs

4) "be" / there + "be"

5) with time words/phrases/clauses

i) using past tense with yesterday, last, ago, etc.

ii) with time clauses

6) “used to” + V (for past habits)

7) simple past vs. present perfect

b. past progressive/continuous

1) past simple vs. past progressive/continuous

2) past progressive + "while" or "when" clauses

3) (supplementary) past participle

4) (supplementary) future in the past

4. simple future & future progressive

a. general introduction

b. simple future expressed in different forms and ways

1) "will," "be going to," and "be about to"

2) present progressive for future

3) simple present for future

4) with "maybe", "may", and "might"

c. simple future vs. future progressive

d. with time words/phrases/clauses

1) words/phrases to express (future) time

2) with time clauses

e. with if clauses (future vs. habitual present)

5. perfect & perfect progressive

a. (review of verb tenses)

b. present perfect & present perfect progressive

1) present perfect and past participle

2) present perfect + "since" or "for"

3) present perfect + just, already, yet, never

4) present perfect vs. present perfect progressive vs. simple past

c. past perfect & past perfect progressive

1) past participle

d. future perfect & future perfect progressive

e. relevant aspect: how to use have/has/had correctly


VI. Adverbs

A. basic form, function, and usage

1.introduction (general/mixed)

2. adverbs of frequency

3. adverbs of manner & degree

4. adverbs of place & time

5. positions of adverb (where to put the adverb?)

B. comparisons

1. comparative and superlative forms

2. (not) as + adj./adv. + as

3. modifying comparatives

C. adverb clauses


VII Prepositions

A. basic form, function, and usage (general/mixed)

B. prepositional phrases

C. with verbs (verb + preposition)

D. with adjective (adj. + preposition)

E. with Ving (preposition + V-ing)


VIII. Conjunctions & Transitions

A. introduction (general / mixed)

B. coordinating conjunctions

1. parallel structure and coordinating conjunctions

2. coordinating conjunctions and commas

C. subordinating conjunctions

1. introduction (general / mixed)

2. subordinating conjunctions for different purposes

D. correlative/paired conjunctions

E. transition words for different purposes

1. expressing cause and effect

2. expressing contrast & comparison

3. expressing condition

4. indicating time

5. expressing emphasis

6. indicating place

7. adding information


IX. Sentence and Clause: Types, Structure, and Common Problems

A. basic sentence types

1. declarative: affirmative and negative

a. negatives

1) beginning a sentence with a negative word

2) using "not" and other negative words

3) avoiding double negatives

4) negative inversion

2. interrogative (asking questions)

a. introduction (general / mixed)

b. yes/no questions and information (Wh-) questions

1) yes/no questions

2) information (Wh-) questions

a) introduction (general / mixed)

b) questions with who, whom, what, and whose

c) using "what" + a form of "do"

d) using "how"

c. tag questions

d. embedded questions

3. exclamatory

4. imperative

B. parts of speech and word order

1. parts of speech (overview)

2. word order

C. sentence structure and parallelism

1. sentence structure

a. simple, complex, and compound sentences

b. agreement of subject and predicate

1) the concepts of subject, predicate, and sentence complements

2) subject-verb agreement

3) pronoun-antecedent agreement

c. inversion

(supplementary) how to use neither & so

2. parallelism

3. sentence fragment, run-on sentences, and comma splices

4. misplaced & dangling modifiers

5. (supplementary) sentence diagramming

6. (supplementary) combining sentences

D. Clauses: noun / adjective / adverb clauses

1. What is a clause?

2. noun clauses

a. What is a noun clause?

b. quoted/direct speech vs. reported/indirect speech

3. adjective clauses

a. What is an adjective clause?

b. adjective/relative clauses and relative pronouns

c. restrictive and non-restrictive adjective clauses

d. reducing adjective clauses to phrases

4. adverb clauses

a. What is an adverb clause?

b. expressing cause and effect

c. expressing contrast and comparison

d. expressing time relationship

e. indicating condition

1) conditionals: using "if"/...

2) (supplementary) using "wish" and "hope" to express wishes or regrets

5. (Related): displaced and dangling modifiers

E. Punctuation and Capitalization

1. introduction (general / mixed)

2. comma, comma splices and run-on sentences

3. colon & semicolon (: & ;)

4. hyphen & dash (- & --)

5. apostrophe (')

6. quotation marks (" " & ' ')

7. ellipses (. . .)

8. parentheses & square brackets (( ) & [ ])

9. capitalization

10. exclamations






Contents of the Academic Writing site

(https://sites.google.com/site/phf6453/)


I. Understanding Sentence Basics

A. Introduction: What Is a Sentence?

B. Basic Sentence Types, Components, and Word Order

1. sentence types

2. parts of speech and word order

C. Writing Sentences in Different Verb Tenses

D. Writing Sentences with Dependent Clauses

E. Some Other Important Writing Mechanics

1. subject-verb agreement

2. capitalization and punctuation

3. transitional words and connectors

4. avoiding sentence fragments, comma splices and run-on sentences

5. avoiding misplaced & dangling modifiers


II. From Sentence to Paragraph

A. introduction: What Is a Paragraph?

B. The Topic Sentence

C. Supporting Sentences

D. The Concluding Sentence

E. Characteristics of Good Paragraph Writing

F. Writing Process of a Paragraph


III. Types of Paragraphs

0. Introduction to Major Types of Paragraphs

A. Descriptive Paragraphs

B. Narrative Paragraphs

C. Comparison and Contrast Paragraphs

D. Cause and Effect Paragraphs

E. Definition Paragraphs

F. Classification Paragraphs

G. Opinion / Persuasion / Argumentation Paragraphs

1. Opinion

2. Argumentative (or Persuasive) Paragraphs

H. Process Analysis Paragraphs

I. Problem and Solution Paragraphs


IV. From Paragraph to (Short) Essay

A. Introduction: What Is an Essay?

B. The Introductory Paragraph

1. how to write an introductory paragraph

2. thesis statement

3. hook

C. The Concluding Paragraph

D. Body Paragraphs

E. Characteristics of Good Essay Writing

F. Writing Process of an Essay

1. (general / mixed)

2. brainstorming and free-writing

3. making an outline for organization

4. revising and editing


V. Types of (Short) Essays

0. introduction to Major Types of Essays

A. Descriptive Essays

B. Narrative Essays

C. Comparison and Contrast Essays

D. Cause and Effect Essays

E. Definition Essays

F. Classification Essays

G. Argumentation / Persuasion / Opinion Essays

1. Argumentative essays

2. Persuasive essays

3. Opinion essays

H. Process Analysis Essays

I. Problem and Solution Essays

J. Critique / Evaluation Essays

K. Informative Essays


VI. Advanced Academic Writing: Research Paper, Thesis & Dissertation

A. General Introduction

1. What is and how to write a research paper, thesis, or dissertation?

2. research methodology

B. The Writing Process of a Research Paper

0. (general / mixed)

1. brainstorming

2. outlining

3. drafting

4. doing research (and the related)

5. revising, editing, and proofreading

C. Abstract & Proposal

1. proposal

2. abstract

D. Literature Review

E. How to Format

1. (relevant:) about intellectual property & plagiarism

2. formatting styles: MLA & APA

F. Essential Skills: Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quotation Using

1. (general / mixed)

2. summarizing (and responding)

3. paraphrasing

4. using quotattions

G. More Language Sensibility

1. avoiding choppy and stringy sentences

2. avoiding run-on sentences, comma splices, and sentence fragments

3. reducing clauses to phrases and avoiding dangling or misplaced modifiers

4. avoiding faluting parallelism; words of urgency

5. avoiding unclear comparisons

6. avoiding bias in writing

7. (others)

H. (relevant:) Oral Defense and Academic Presentation

1. oral defense

2. academic and formal public presentation


VII. Supplementary Unit

A. Tips for Timed Writing & Exams

B. Helpful Tools and Resources

C. other kinds of creative writing


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